Atomic Spectroscopy

Atomic spectroscopy is the study of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted by atoms. Since unique elements have characteristic (signature) spectras, atomic spectroscopy, specifically the electromagnetic spectrum or mass spectrum, is applied for determination of elemental compositions. It can be divided by atomization source or by the type of spectroscopy used. In the latter case, the main division is between optical and mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry generally gives significantly better analytical performance, but is also significantly more complex. This complexity translates into higher purchase costs, higher operational costs, more operator training, and a greater number of components that can potentially fail. Because optical spectroscopy is often less expensive and has performance adequate for many tasks, it is far more commonAtomic absorption spectrometers are one of the most commonly sold and used analytical device.

Optical spectroscopy

Electrons exist in energy levels (i.e. atomic orbitals) within an atom. Atomic orbitals are quantized, meaning they exist as defined values instead of being continuous (see: atomic orbitals). Electrons may move between orbitals, but in doing so they must absorb or emit energy equal to the energy difference between their atom's specific quantized orbital energy levels. In optical spectroscopy, energy absorbed to move an electron to a higher energy level (higher orbital) and/or the energy emitted as the electron moves to a lower energy level is absorbed or emitted in the form of photons (light particles). Because each element has a unique number of electrons, an atom will absorb/release energy in a pattern unique to its elemental identity (e.g. Ca, Na, etc.) and thus will absorb/emit photons in a correspondingly unique pattern. The type of atoms present in a sample, or the amount of atoms present in a sample can be deduced from measuring these changes in light wavelength and light intensity.

Optical spectroscopy is further divided into Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

In atomic absorption spectroscopy, light of a predetermined wavelength is passed through a collection of atoms. If the wavelength of the source light has energy corresponding to the energy difference between two energy levels in the atoms, a portion of the light will be absorbed. The difference between the intensity of the light emitted from the source (e.g., lamp) and the light collected by the detector yields an absorbance value. This absorbance value can then be used to determine the concentration of a given element (or atoms) within the sample. The relationship between the concentration of atoms, the distance the light travels through the collection of atoms, and the portion of the light absorbed is given by the Beer–Lambert law.

The energy stored in the atoms can be released in a variety of ways. When it is released as light, this is known as fluorescence. Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy measures this emitted light. Fluorescence is generally measured at a 90° angle from the excitation source to minimize collection of scattered light from the excitation source, often such a rotation is provided by a Pellin–Broca prism on a turntable which will also separate the light into its spectrum for closer analysis. The wavelength once again tells you the identity of the atoms. For low absorbances (and therefore low concentrations) the intensity of the fluoresced light is directly proportional to the concentration of atoms. Atomic fluorescence is generally more sensitive (i.e. it can detect lower concentrations) than atomic absorption.

Strictly speaking, any measurement of the emitted light is emission spectroscopy, but atomic emission spectroscopy usually does not include fluorescence and rather refers to emission after excitation by thermal means. The intensity of the emitted light is directly proportional to the concentration of atoms.

Mass spectrometry

Atomic mass spectrometry is similar to other types of mass spectrometry in that it consists of an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. Atoms' identities are determined by their mass-to-charge ratio (via the mass analyzer) and their concentrations are determined by the number of ions detected. Although considerable research has gone into customizing mass spectrometers for atomic ion sources, it is the ion source that differs most from other forms of mass spectrometry. These ion sources must also atomize samples, or an atomization step must take place before ionization. Atomic ion sources are generally modifications of atomic optical spectroscopy atom sources.

Ion and atom sources

Sources can be adapted in many ways, but the lists below give the general uses of a number of sources. Of these, flames are the most common due to their low cost and their simplicity. Although significantly less common, inductively-coupled plasmas, especially when used with mass spectrometers, are recognized for their outstanding analytical performance and their versatility.

For all atomic spectroscopy, a sample must be vaporized and atomized. For atomic mass spectrometry, a sample must also be ionized. Vaporization, atomization, and ionization are often, but not always, accomplished with a single source. Alternatively, one source may be used to vaporize a sample while another is used to atomize (and possibly ionize). An example of this is laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, where a laser is used to vaporize a solid sample and an inductively-coupled plasma is used to atomize the vapor.

With the exception of flames and graphite furnaces, which are most commonly used for atomic absorption spectroscopy, most sources are used for atomic emission spectroscopy.

Liquid-sampling sources include flames and sparks (atom source), inductively-coupled plasma (atom and ion source), graphite furnace (atom source), microwave plasma (atom and ion source), and direct-current plasma (atom and ion source). Solid-sampling sources include lasers (atom and vapor source), glow discharge (atom and ion source), arc (atom and ion source), spark (atom and ion source), and graphite furnace (atom and vapor source). Gas-sampling sources include flame (atom source), inductively-coupled plasma (atom and ion source), microwave plasma (atom and ion source), direct-current plasma (atom and ion source), and glow discharge (atom and ion source).

100 Interesting Facts About The World

We Thinks That We All Know Almost Everything About The World. But Its Not True.Its Not Possible To For Anyone To Know Anyone Every Thing About The World,About The Earth OR You May Say About The Universe. Here Is The Little Information We Are Providing You About The Facts About The World Which We Collect From Internet. If You Know More Kindly Suggest Us.We Will Update That As Soon As We Receive Your Information.

Here Is The List Of 100 Interesting Facts About The World.

 

1.Our oldest radio broadcasts of the 1930s have already traveled past 100,000 stars

 

2. It takes 8 minutes 17 seconds for light to travel from the Sun’s surface to the Earth.

 

3. October 12th, 1999 was declared “The Day of Six Billion” based on United Nations projections.

 

4. 10 percent of all human beings ever born are alive at this very moment.

 

5. The Earth spins at 1,000 mph but it travels through space at an incredible 67,000 mph.

 

6. Every year over one million earthquakes shake the Earth.

 

7. When Krakatoa erupted in 1883, its force was so great it could be heard 4,800 kilometers away in Australia.

 

8. The largest ever hailstone weighed over 1kg and fell in Bangladesh in 1986.

 

9. Every second around 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth.

 

10. Every year lightning kills 1000 people.

 

11. In October 1999 an Iceberg the size of London broke free from the Antarctic ice shelf .

 

12. If you could drive your car straight up you would arrive in space in just over an hour.

 

13. Human tapeworms can grow up to 22.9m.

 

14. The Earth is 4.56 billion years old…the same age as the Moon and the Sun.

 

15. The dinosaurs became extinct before the Rockies or the Alps were formed.

 

16. Female black widow spiders eat their males after mating.

 

17. When a flea jumps, the rate of acceleration is 20 times that of the space shuttle during launch.

 

19. If our Sun were just inch in diameter, the nearest star would be 445 miles away.

 

20. The Australian billygoat plum contains 100 times more vitamin C than an orange.

 

21. Astronauts cannot belch – there is no gravity to separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.

 

22. The air at the summit of Mount Everest, 29,029 feet is only a third as thick as the air at sea level.

 

23. One million, million, million, million, millionth of a second after the Big Bang the Universe was the size of a …pea.

 

24. DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Swiss Friedrich Mieschler.

 

25. The molecular structure of DNA was first determined by Watson and Crick in 1953.

 

26. The first synthetic human chromosome was constructed by US scientists in 1997.

 

27. The thermometer was invented in 1607 by Galileo.

 

28. Englishman Roger Bacon invented the magnifying glass in 1250.

 

 

29. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1866.

 

30. Wilhelm Rontgen won the first Nobel Prize for physics for discovering X-rays in 1895.

 

31. The tallest tree ever was an Australian eucalyptus – In 1872 it was measured at 435 feet tall.

 

32. Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967 – the patient lived for 18 days.

 

33. The wingspan of a Boeing 747 is longer than the Wright brother’s first flight.

 

34. An electric eel can produce a shock of up to 650 volts.

 

35. ‘Wireless’ communications took a giant leap forward in 1962 with the launch of Telstar, the first satellite capable of relaying telephone and satellite TV signals.

 

36. The earliest wine makers lived in Egypt around 2300 BC.

 

37. The Ebola virus kills 4 out of every 5 humans it infects.

 

38. In 5 billion years the Sun will run out of fuel and turn into a Red Giant.

 

39. Giraffes often sleep for only 20 minutes in any 24 hours. They may sleep up to 2 hours (in spurts – not all at once), but this is rare. They never lie down.

 

40. A pig’s orgasm lasts for 30 minutes.

 

41. Without its lining of mucus your stomach would digest itself.

 

42. Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200.

 

43. There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body.

 

44. An individual blood cell takes about 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body.

 

45. Utopia ia a large, smooth lying area of Mars.

 

46. On the day that Alexander Graham Bell was buried the entire US telephone system was shut down for 1 minute in tribute.

 

47. The low frequency call of the humpback whale is the loudest noise made by a living creature.

 

48. The call of the humpback whale is louder than Concorde and can be heard from 500 miles away.

 

49. A quarter of the world’s plants are threatened with extinction by the year 2010.

 

50. Each person sheds 40lbs of skin in his or her lifetime.

 

51. At 15 inches the eyes of giant squids are the largest on the planet.

 

52. The largest galaxies contain a million, million stars.

 

53. The Universe contains over 100 billion galaxies.

 

54. Wounds infested with maggots heal quickly and without spread of gangrene or other infection.

 

55. More germs are transferred shaking hands than kissing.

 

56. The longest glacier in Antarctica, the Almbert glacier, is 250 miles long and 40 miles wide.

 

57. The fastest speed a falling raindrop can hit you is 18mph.

 

58. A healthy person has 6,000 million, million, million hemoglobin molecules.

 

59. A salmon-rich, low cholesterol diet means that Inuits rarely suffer from heart disease.

 

60. Inbreeding causes 3 out of every 10 Dalmatian dogs to suffer from hearing disability.

 

61. The world’s smallest winged insect, the Tanzanian parasitic wasp, is smaller than the eye of a housefly.

 

62. If the Sun were the size of a beach ball then Jupiter would be the size of a golf ball and the Earth would be as small as a pea.

 

63. It would take over an hour for a heavy object to sink 6.7 miles down to the deepest part of the ocean.

 

64. There are more living organisms on the skin of each human than there are humans on the surface of the earth.

 

65. The grey whale migrates 12,500 miles from the Arctic to Mexico and back every year.

 

66. Each rubber molecule is made of 65,000 individual atoms.

 

67. Around a million, billion neutrinos from the Sun will pass through your body while you read this sentence.

 

68….and now they are already past the Moon.

 

69. Quasars emit more energy than 100 giant galaxies.

 

70. Quasars are the most distant objects in the Universe.

 

71. The Saturn V rocket which carried man to the Moon develops power equivalent to fifty 747 jumbo jets.

 

72. Koalas sleep an average of 22 hours a day, two hours more than the sloth.

 

73. Light would take .13 seconds to travel around the Earth.

 

74. Males produce one thousand sperm cells each second – 86 million each day.

 

75. Neutron stars are so dense that a teaspoonful would weigh more than all the people on Earth.

 

76. One in every 2000 babies is born with a tooth.

 

77. Every hour the Universe expands by a billion miles in all directions.

 

78. Somewhere in the flicker of a badly tuned TV set is the background radiation from the Big Bang.

 

79. Even traveling at the speed of light it would take 2 million years to reach the nearest large galaxy, Andromeda.

 

80. The temperature in Antarctica plummets as low as -35 degrees Celsius.

 

81. At over 2000 kilometers long The Great Barrier Reef is the largest living structure on Earth.

 

82. A thimbleful of a neutron star would weigh over 100 million tons.

 

83. The risk of being struck by a falling meteorite for a human is one occurrence every 9,300 years.

 

84. The driest inhabited place in the world is Aswan, Egypt where the annual average rainfall is .02 inches.

 

85. The deepest part of any ocean in the world is the Mariana trench in the Pacific with a depth of 35,797 feet.

 

86. The largest meteorite craters in the world are in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada and in Vredefort, South Africa.

 

87. The largest desert in the world, the Sahara, is 3,500,000 square miles.

 

88. The largest dinosaur ever discovered was Seismosaurus who was over 100 feet long and weighed up to 80 tonnes.

 

89. The African Elephant gestates for 22 months.

 

90. The short-nosed Bandicoot has a gestation period of only 12 days.

 

91. The mortality rate if bitten by a Black Mamba snake is over 95%.

 

92. In the 14th century the Black Death killed 75,000,000 people. It was carried by fleas on the black rat.

 

93. A dog’s sense of smell is 1,000 times more sensitive than a humans.

 

94. A typical hurricane produces the nergy equivalent to 8,000 one megaton bombs.

 

95. 90% of those who die from hurricanes die from drowning.

 

96. To escape the Earth’s gravity a rocket need to travel at 7 miles a second.

 

97. If every star in the Milky Way was a grain of salt they would fill an Olympic sized swimming pool.

 

98. Microbial life can survive on the cooling rods of a nuclear reactor.

 

99. Micro-organisms have been brought back to life after being frozen in perma-frost for three million years.

 

100. The speed of light is generally rounded down to 186,000 miles per second. In exact terms it is 299,792,458 m.s (meters per second – that is equal to 186, 287.49 miles per second).

30 True and Interesting Fact About Girls

Its Impossible For Anyone To Understand A Girl. What She Want OR She Is Happy or Not,Not Possible For Everyone To Know.All World Is Revolving Around The Womens. Here We Know The True Facts About Girls. We Thinks These Facts Are True. If Anyone From You Thinks That More Should Be Added Or Anything Is Not A Real Fact Than Comment .

Here Is The List Of 30 True and Interesting Fact About Girls.

1. Hearing the words “I love you” is a great reassurance to a girl that she is beautiful.
2. Some girls care about looks, some care about brains, but ALL girls want a guy who will love and care for them.
3. When a particular guy flirts with a girl very often, a girl would start thinking the guy likes her. So if you treat a girl just as a friend, go easy on the smiles and stare ok?
4. Girls want nothing more than to feel loved.
5. Never tell a girl that she is useless in anyway.
6. A simple ‘Hi’ can brighten a girl’s day.
7. If a girl says she can’t go out with you because she has to study, leave.
8. A girl can’t find anything to hate about the guy she loves (which is why it is so hard for her to ‘get over him’ after the relationship’ s over.)
9. Being too serious can turn a girl off.
10. But if she still calls you or expect a call from you, stay.
11. If you don’t like a girl who likes you, break it to her gently.
12. Girls enjoy talking about what they feel. Music, poetry, drawing sand writing are ways of expressing themselves (which explains why most girls like writing journals).
13. When class pictures come out, a girl would first check who is standing next to her crush before actually looking at herself.
14. When the guy she likes smiles and stares deep into her eyes, she will melt.
15. If a girl starts avoiding you after you reject her, leave her alone for a while. If you still treat her as a friend, talk to her.
16. If you need tips on how to flirt with a girl, read romance stories.
17. Love means devotion, caring and happiness to a girl, in that order.
18. Girls hate it when a guy pays attention to them just to get close to their ‘prettier’ friend.
19. A girl likes to hear compliments, but usually not sure how to react to them.
20. A smile means a lot to a girl.
21. Don’t try to guess a girl’s feelings. Ask her.
22. When she ignores you after you’ve done something wrong, it’s best to give her some time to cool down before touching her heart with an apology.
23. If a girl loves a guy, he will always be on her mind every minute of the day, even though she flirts with other guys.
24. A girl’s best friends usually know best what she is feeling and going through.
25. A girl’s ex-crush will always be in her memory, but the guy she loves now stays in her heart.
26. Girls love having fun!
27. If you like a girl, try making friends with her first. Let her get to know you.
28. When the guy she likes calls her for the first time, the girl may act look uninterested during the call. But as soon as the phone is back on the hook, she will whoop with joy and
29. immediately start telephoning her friends to spread the news.
30. After a girl falls in love with a guy, she’ll wonder why she never noticed him before.

Real Defination Of Mathematics

Mathematics often shortened to maths or math, is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics.

Mathematicians seek out patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof. When mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation,measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Practical mathematics has been a human activity for as far back as written records exist. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry.

Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements. Since the pioneering work of Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932), David Hilbert (1862–1943), and others on axiomatic systems in the late 19th century, it has become customary to view mathematical research as establishing truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions. Mathematics developed at a relatively slow pace until the Renaissance, when mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the rate of mathematical discovery that has continued to the present day.

Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) said, "The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth." Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) referred to mathematics as "the Queen of the Sciences". Benjamin Peirce (1809–1880) called mathematics "the science that draws necessary conclusions". David Hilbert said of mathematics: "We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules. Rather, it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise." Albert Einstein (1879–1955) stated that "as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality." French mathematician Claire Voisin states "There is creative drive in mathematics, it's all about movement trying to express itself."

Mathematics is used throughout the world as an essential tool in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance and the social sciences. Applied mathematics, the branch of mathematics concerned with application of mathematical knowledge to other fields, inspires and makes use of new mathematical discoveries, which has led to the development of entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics and game theory. Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, and practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered.

How to Change a Guest Account to an Administrator in Windows

If you want the Windows guest account to be more than just a guest account, then read on.

Steps

1.  Make sure the guest account is enabled. You must be an administrator to do this. If you are not an administrator, go into safe mode with command prompt and click on the administrator account.
    

   
2.  Open Notepad (Start > All Programs > Accessories > Notepad)
    

   
3.  Type the following:
   • net localgroup guests guest /delete
   • net localgroup administrators guest /add
    

   
4.  Save as anything.bat (make sure the file type is selected as all files).
    

   
5.  Double click on the new file.
    

   
6. After the command prompt closes, you have succeeded.

Tips

• If the administrator has a password it is recommended to use an ""ophcrack live cd"" (search Google) to crack an administrator password.
• This can also be used to switch a guest to a limited account. Just replace administrator accounts with user accounts.
• Type the commands on separate lines or this will not work.
• To change it back, use system restore to before you changed it.

Warnings

• If you give a guest account too much power (such as administrator), anyone that accesses the computer can delete other accounts, steal files, change system settings, etc. Do this at your own risk.

Real Defination Of Chemistry

Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is chiefly concerned with atoms and molecules and their interactions and transformations, for example, the properties of the chemical bonds formed between atoms to create chemical compounds. As such, chemistry studies the involvement of electrons and various forms of energy in photochemical reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, changes in phases of matter, and separation of mixtures. Preparation and properties of complex substances, such as alloys, polymers, biological molecules, and pharmaceutical agents are considered in specialized fields of chemistry.

Chemistry is sometimes called the central science because it bridges other natural sciences like physics, geology and biology.Chemistry is a branch of physical science but distinct from physics..

The etymology of the word chemistry has been much disputed. The history of chemistry can be traced to certain practices, known as alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world.

Real Defination Of Physics

Physics "knowledge of nature", is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.

Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.

Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization, and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

25 Amazing Facts About Human Body

Even though you're around human bodies all day (after all, you have one of your very own), you probably don't know everything there is to know about them. Each of our bodies are a miracle; it's amazing they work the way they do, day in and day out. If you thought what our bodies could do before, once you read this list of insane facts about the human body, you'll be in awe. Never take your own body for granted, because some of the things it can do are mind-blowing.

1.) The average person produces enough saliva in their lifetime to fill 2 swimming pools.

2.) Every 60 seconds, your red blood cells do a complete circuit of your body.

3.) Sometimes, when you have to pee, you can visibly see that your bladder is bigger.

4.) Most babies are born with blue eyes; exposure to UV light brings out their true color.

5.) Most westerners consume 50 tons of food and 50,000 liters of liquid in their lifetime.

6.) It can take your finger and toenails 1/2 a year to grow an entirely new nail (from base to tip).

7.) The muscles that control your eyes contract about 100,000 times a day (that's the equivalent of giving your legs a workout by walking 50 miles).

8.) Over the course of your lifetime, you'll shed about 40lbs of skin.

9.) Your brain uses about 20% of your oxygen and caloric intake.

10.) In each kidney, there are 1 million filters that clean around 1.3 liters of blood every minute and push out close to 1.5 liters of urine every day.

11.) Ovaries contain over 500,000 eggs, but only about 400 get the opportunity to create life.

12.) Everyone has a completely unique smell (except for twins).

13.) Why doesn't your stomach digest itself? That's because your stomach cells are created faster than they can be destroyed.

14.) You have about half-a-million sweat glands that produce about a pint of sweat daily.

15.) Humans are extremely visual; 90% of the information we gather from our surroundings is from our eyesight.

16.) It's nearly impossible to tickle yourself.

17.) Baby foreskin is often used as a skin graft for burn victims.

18.) Your bones, pound for pound, are 4x stronger than concrete.

19.) Your skin is the largest organ in your body; if an adult male's skin were to be stretched out, it would cover 20 square feet.

20.) In order to taste something, our saliva needs to dissolve it (try drying off your tongue and tasting something).

21.) Men produce about 10 million new sperm daily (approximately enough to repopulate the entire planet in 6 months).

22.) In just 30 minutes, your body can produce enough heat to boil half a gallon of water.

23.) There are more than 300,000,000 capillaries in your lungs and if they were stretched out tip to tip they would reach approximately the distance between Atlanta and LA.

24.) Frequent dreams are correlated with having a higher IQ.

25.) You'll be about 1cm shorter when you go to bed at night compared to when you wake up in the morning. Your cartilage in your spine slowly compresses throughout the day.

Amazing Facts About Animal

If you’re looking for the most interesting list of animal facts, you’re at the right place! Here are 50 of the best fun & random facts about animals!

• Gorillas can catch human colds and other illnesses.
• A newborn Chinese water deer is so small it can almost be held in the palm of the hand.
• Ostriches can run faster than horses, and the males can roar like lions.
• A lion in the wild usually makes no more than twenty kills a year.
• The female lion does ninety percent of the hunting.
• The only dog that doesn’t have a pink tongue is the chow.
• Turtles, water snakes, crocodiles, alligators, dolphins, whales, and other water going creatures will drown if kept underwater too long.
• Almost half the pigs in the world are kept by farmers in China.
• On average, dogs have better eyesight than humans, although not as colourful.
• Deer have no gall bladders.
• There is an average of 50,000 spiders per acre in green areas.
• Snakes are carnivores, which means they only eat animals, often small ones such as insects, birds, frogs and other small mammals.
• In Alaska it is illegal to whisper in someone’s ear while they’re moose hunting.
• The bat is the only mammal that can fly.
• The leg bones of a bat are so thin that no bat can walk.
• Some male songbirds sing more than 2000 times each day.
• The only mammals to undergo menopause are elephants, humpback whales and human females.
• The chicken and fish are the only animals that are eaten before they are born and after they die.
• A tarantula spider can survive for more than two years without food.
• For every human in the world there are one million ants.
• If you lift a kangaroo’s tail off the ground it can’t hop – they use their tails for balance.
• If you keep a goldfish. in a dark room, it will become pale!
• Cows can sleep standing up, but they can only dream lying down.
• The sentence “The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.” uses every letter of the alphabet.
• The average fox weighs 14 pounds.
• The scientific name of the red fox is Vulpes vulpes.
• Alligators can live up to 100 years.
• A single elephant tooth can weigh as much as 9 pounds.
• The turkey is one of the most famous birds in North America.
• A housefly hums in the key of F.
• During World War II, Americans tried to train bats to drop bombs.
• Canis lupus lupus is the scientific name for a grey wolf.
• To escape the grip of a crocodile’s jaw, push your thumb into its eyeballs-it will let you go instantly.
• It is much easier for dogs to learn spoken commands if they are given in conjunction with hand signals or gestures.
• Even a small amount of alcohol placed on a scorpion will make it go crazy and sting itself to death!
• Male rabbits are called “bucks,” females are “does.”
• The flamingo can only eat when its head is upside down.
• Animals generate 30 times more waste than humans which is 1.4 billion tons every year.
• Ants never sleep. Also they don’t have lungs.
• A group of owls is called a parliament.
• Just one cow gives off enough harmful methane gas in a single day to fill around 400 litre bottles.
• Apple and pear seeds contain arsenic, which may be deadly to dogs.
• Cows have four stomachs.
• An anteater is nearly 6 feet long, yet its mouth is only an inch wide.
• The blue whale weighs as much as thirty elephants and is as long as three Greyhound buses.
• A herd of sixty cows is capable of producing a ton of milk in less than a day.
• A grasshopper can leap 20 times the length of its own body.
• At birth, baby kangaroos are only about an inch long—no bigger than a large water bug or a queen bee.
• The smell of a skunk can be detected by a human a mile away.
• There is a butterfly in Africa with enough poison in its body to kill six cats!

How to Kill a Process in Command Prompt

To kill processes on your computer, you would normally use the Windows Task Manager. The Windows Task Manager is a program designed to help you manage the processes running on your computer. Although the Task Manager is sufficient for most circumstances, it is designed to prevent users from ending processes that it believes are critical which can result in some errors when you try to kill those processes using it. Additionally, some frozen programs may not terminate if you attempt to kill them from Task Manager. When you encounter problems such as these, you're not out of options. A program called Command Prompt may be able to kill processes that Task Manager can't. If you want to kill a process on your computer using Command Prompt, read on!

Part 1 of 2: Viewing Processes Currently Running on Your Computer

1. Start Task Manager. Press the ^ Ctrl key, the ⇧ Shift key, and the ⎋ Esc key in consecutive order at the same time to open Task Manager.
    

   
2. View the names of the running processes and identify the problematic process.
    

   
    
   Click the Processes tab in Task Manager and find the name of the process that you want to kill.

   • Windows 8/8.1 users should click the Details tab.
   • If a program that is currently running on your screen is frozen and you want to kill it, an easy way to find its name is to click the Applications tab (Processes tab in Windows 8/8.1), right click the window's name, then click Go to process (Go to details in Windows 8/8.1).
   • If the Task Manager window does not display any tabs, double-click in the indicated space in the window to show them.

 

Part 2 of 2: Killing Processes Currently Running on Your Computer

1.  Open the Start menu. Press the ⊞ Win key.
    

   
2.  Start Command Prompt as an Administrator. Right click the first result that appears in the Start menu and click Run as Administrator.
   • If a User Account Control dialog appears, click Yes on it.
    

   
3.  Type taskkill /f /im into Command Prompt.
    

   
4.  Space at least once after completing the previous step, type a quotation mark, type the name of the process you want to kill, then type another quotation mark to top it off.
    

   
5. Kill the process. Press the ↵ Enter key.

   1. Command Prompt should display a message similar to SUCCESS: The process "example.exe" with PID 0000 has been terminated.
      

Fact About Our Life

We Thinks We Are Best Or We Thinks We May Remain Always Happy In Our Life, Its Not Matter What Are The Condition Remain. You Think You Easily Change Your Life.But Its Not Possible For Ourself To Change Easily.

Smelly Facts About Farting That Are Actually Super Fascinating

Farting is a natural thing. Sure, it may not be the most aromatically pleasant natural thing in the world, but it's a part of our lives. Before you say "pee-yew!" and turn up your nose at a conversation about farting, take some time to learn the facts about this process. Some of these facts—like your ability to flatulate post-mortem—might totally shock you.

Relationship between Physics and Society and Technology

The development of telephone, telegraph and telex enables us to transmit messages instantly.

The development of radio and television satellites has revolutionised the means of communication.

Advances in electronics (computers, calculators and lasers) have greatly enriched the society.

Rapid means of transport are important for the society.

Generation of power from nuclear reactors is based on the phenomenon of controlled nuclear chain reaction.

Digital electronics is widely used in modern technological developments.

Relationship between Physics And Nature

The world is full of experiences that cry out for explanations. Think, for example, of the colors of rainbows and soap bubbles, the vapor trails of high-flying aircraft, the fact that liquid water abruptly changes into solid ice at a certain temperature, the production of lightning and the thunder that follows it in a storm, the beautiful hexagonal symmetry of small snowflakes; all these, and a limitless list of other phenomena, fall within the province of the science of physics. The essence of science in general is the observation and exploration of the world around us with a view to identifying some underlying order or pattern in what we find. And physics is that part of science which deals primarily with the inanimate world, and which furthermore is concerned with trying to identify the most fundamental and unifying principles. The first of these conditions -- restriction to the inanimate world -- separates physics, at least provisionally, from biology; the second separates it from chemistry, which, at least in its theoretical aspects, builds on some specific areas of physics but can ignore some others. Mathematics, of course, although indispensable to the practice of physics, is an entirely different field of study, since it is self-contained and is ultimately independent of observations of the real world.
The subject of this article could be approached in many different ways. One way of obtaining some insight into the nature of physics is to look at the story of how physics has developed from its beginnings until now. That is what this article does, although it makes no attempt to be exhaustive and omits many topics that some might consider important or even essential. Its main purpose is not to offer a chronological survey for its own sake, but just to illustrate how the consistent aim of physics is to relate our knowledge of phenomena to a minimal number of general principles.

Comparison of Chemistry and Physics

Chemistry and physics are branches of science that both study matter. The difference between the two lies in their scope and approach. Chemists and physicists are trained differently, and they have different professional roles, even when working in a team. The division between chemistry and physics becomes diffuse at the interface of the two branches, notably in fields such as physical chemistry,chemical physics, quantum mechanics, nuclear physics/chemistry, material science, spectroscopy, solid state physics, crystallography, and nanotechnology.

Scope

Physics and chemistry may overlap when the system under study involves matter commonly encountered on earth, composed of electrons and nuclei made of protons and neutrons. On the other hand, chemistry is not concerned with other forms of matter such as quarks, mu and tau leptons and dark matter, which do not participate in the transformation of one kind of substance into another, and which we do not observe under typical terrestrial conditions.

Although fundamental laws that govern the behavior of matter apply both in chemistry and physics, the disciplines of physics and chemistry are distinct. Physics is concerned with nature from a very large scale (the entire universe) down to a very small scale (subatomic particles). All natural (or man-made) phenomena that are measurable follow some behavior that is in accordance with the most basic principles studied in physics.

Physics is involved with the fundamental principles of physical phenomena and the basic forces of nature, and also gives insight into the aspects of space and time. Physics also deals with the basic principles that explain matter and energy, and may study aspects of atomic matter by following concepts derived from the most fundamental principles.

Chemistry focuses on how substances interact with each other and with energy (for example heat and light). The study of change of matter (chemical reactions) and synthesis lies at the heart of chemistry, and gives rise to concepts such as organic functional groups and rate laws for chemical reactions. Chemistry also studies the properties of matter at a larger scale (for example, astrochemistry) and the reactions of matter at a larger scale (for example, technical chemistry), but typically, explanations and predictions are related back to the underlying atomic structure, giving more emphasis on the methods for the identification of molecules and their mechanisms of transformation than any other science.

Chemistry is not a sub-discipline of physics because chemistry differs from physics in aspects such as approach, emphasis (scope) and training of its practitioners. The knowledge obtained from studying either chemistry or physics can be used in a more direct way (as an applied science) or can be used to further our understanding of some aspect of nature.

Approach

Although both physics and chemistry are concerned with matter and its interaction with energy, the two disciplines differ in approach. In physics, it is typical to abstract from the specific type of matter, and to focus on the common properties of many different materials. In optics, for example, materials are characterized by their index of refraction, and materials with the same index of refraction will have identical properties. Chemistry, on the other hand, focuses on what compounds are present in a sample, and explores how changing the structure of molecules will change their reactivity and their physical properties.

The two sciences differ in the role that theory plays within the discipline. Physics can be divided into experimental and theoretical physics. Historically, theoretical physics has correctly predicted phenomena that were out of experimental reach at the time, and could be verified only after experimental techniques caught up. In chemistry, the role of theory historically has been a retrospective one, summarizing experimental data and predicting the outcome of similar experiments. However, with the increasing power of computational methods in chemistry, it has become possible to predict whether a hypothetical compound is stable or not before experimental data is available.

Training

In a typical undergraduate program for physics majors, required courses are in the sub-disciplines of physics, with additional required courses in mathematics. Because much of the insight of physics is described by differential equations relating matter, space and time (for example Newton's law of motion and the Maxwell equations of electromagnetism), students have to be familiar with differential equations. In a typical undergraduate program for chemistry majors, emphasis is placed on laboratory classes and understanding and applying models describing chemical bonds and molecular structure. Emphasis is also placed in the methods for analysis and the formulas and equations used when considering the chemical transformation. Students take courses in math, physics, chemistry and often biochemistry. Between the two programs of study, there is a large area of overlap (calculus, introductory physics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics). However, physics places a larger emphasis on fundamental theory (with its deep mathematical treatment) while chemistry places more emphasis in combining the most important mathematical definitions of the theory with the approach of the molecular models. Laboratory skills may differ in both programs, as students may be involved in different technologies, depending on the program and the institution of higher education (for example, a chemistry student may spend more laboratory time dealing with glassware for distillation and purification or on a form of chromatography-spectroscopy instrument, while a physics student may spend much more time dealing with a laser and non-linear optics technology or some complex electrical circuit).

Careers in chemistry and physics

According to Bureau of Labor Statistics (United States Department of Labor), there are 80,000 chemists and 17,000 physicists working in the United States as of May 2010. In addition, 21,000 chemists and 13,500 physicists teach in high school. Chemistry is the only science that has an entire industry, the chemical industry, named after it, and many chemists work in this industry, in research and development, production, training or management. Other industries employing chemists include the petroleum, pharmaceutical, and food industry. While there is no industry named after physics, many industries have grown out of physics research, most notably the semiconductor and electronics industry. Physicists are also employed outside of science, for example in finance, because of their training in modeling complex systems.

Relationship Between Physics and Biology

Biology is the study of living organisms. Physics is the study of matter and the laws of nature to understand the behavior of matter and the universe. The Biophysical Society explains that, when scientists combine physics and biology, they learn more about biological systems on a molecular or atomic level. By taking a quantitative approach to biological questions, a scientist gains a better understanding of patterns that occur in living organisms.

This Is The Main Relationship Between Physics and Biology.

Definition of Biology

Biology is the study of life and organisms. This natural science includes the origin, evolution, function, structure and distribution of living organisms. The discipline also concerns itself with topics like the classification of organisms, an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment, how structures function as a whole, and the interaction of living organisms within an environment. Basic biological concepts include the study of cells as basic structural units of life, genetics and heredity, and transformation of energy by organisms while growing, developing and adapting to their environments.

Definition of Physics

Physics is the study of energy and matter and how the two interact through time and space. As physicists study the natural word, they attempt to answer questions about the behavior of the universe. Physicists study events that occur in nature, such as the passing of time, and use principles or patterns to explain and make predictions about such events in the natural world.

Biology and Physics Working Together

Physics provides the basis for biology. Without space, matter, energy and time -- components that make up the universe -- living organisms would not exist. Physicist Richard Feynman said that everything on earth is made of atoms, basic units of matter, that constantly move. Since biology has its foundation in physics, it applies physical natural laws to the study of living organisms, according to Muskegon Community College. For instance, physics helps explain how bats use sound waves to navigate in the dark and how wings give insects the ability to move through the air. The American Physical Society shares that many flowers arrange their seeds or petals in a Fibonacci-like sequence to maximize exposure to light and nutrients. In some cases, biology helps prove physical laws and theories. Feynman states that biology helped scientists come up with the law of conservation of energy.

The Odd Couple

There are instances when physics disproves or can’t explain biological occurrences and vice versa. For example, physics can’t account for the encryption of traits in DNA or historical contingencies as they relate to evolution. Physics and biology can’t explain the origin of life or how inorganic objects transitioned to organic life. Cornell University states that the biological theory of evolution contradicts the second law of thermodynamics because nature can’t create order out of disorder -- and evolution is a process that creates increasing levels of order. Scientists wishing to bridge the gaps between physics and biology use biophysics, a science that relies on theories and methods related to physics to study and explain biological systems.

Relationship between Mathematics and Physics

The relationship between mathematics and physics has been a subject of study of philosophers, mathematicians and physicists since Antiquity, and more recently also by historians and educators. Generally considered a relationship of great intimacy, mathematics has already been described as "an essential tool for physics" and physics has already been described as "a rich source of inspiration and insight in mathematics".

In his work Physics, one of the topics treated by Aristotle is about how the study carried out by mathematicians differs from that carried out by physicists. Considerations about mathematics being the language of nature can be found in the ideas of the Pythagoreans: the convictions that "Numbers rule the world" and "All is number", and two millennia later were also expressed by Galileo Galilei: "The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics".

Before giving a mathematical proof for the formula for the volume of a sphere, Archimedes used physical reasoning to discover the solution (imagining the balancing of bodies on a scale). From the seventeenth century, many of the most important advances in mathematics appeared motivated by the study of physics, and this continued in the following centuries (although, it has already been appointed that from the nineteenth century, mathematics started to become increasingly independent from physics). The creation and development of calculus were strongly linked to the needs of physics: There was a need for a new mathematical language to deal with the new dynamics that had arisen from the work of scholars such as Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. During this period there was little distinction between physics and mathematics, as an example: Newton regarded geometry as a branch ofmechanics. As time progressed, increasingly sophisticated mathematics started to be used in physics. The current situation is that the mathematical knowledge used in physics is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as in the case of superstring theory.

12 Surprising Facts About Sex And Women

1. Cycles of light affect our fertility
Women used to menstruate during the new moon (when it’s dark at night) and ovulate during a full moon (when it’s light). Now, in a world full of artificial lighting and bright screens, women are not as in tune with the connection between their biology and nature. Some have tried “lunaception,” altering the lights in their bedrooms based on the moon lighting to change their ovulation.

2. Women can get pregnant five to eight days after having sex
Studies have shown that some sperm can live in the cervical mucus crypt before the egg is actually fertilized for anywhere from five to eight days after sex.

3. Wearing high heels can negatively affect a woman’s orgasm
Certain high-end shoe brands developed the arch in their high-heeled shoes to approximate the arch in a woman’s pelvis when she is having an orgasm. The heels create a contraction in the pelvic floor, which is problematic because the pelvic floor then cannot contract further during orgasm. “An orgasm is usually like going from zero to 60,” explains Fromberg. “If you’re already at 55 [from wearing heels], you’re not going to have a full experience.”

4. Orgasms can make women more creative
Studies have shown that orgasms can make women more confident, productive and creative. And it’s a feedback loop—women achieve fuller orgasms when they are being creative.

5. Birth control pills dampen the libido
Any hormonal contraception has that psychological side effect. Sometimes women even have trouble conceiving once they’re off the pill because while they may have been attracted to their partner on the pill, they’re not actually compatible with each other biochemically without the extra hormones.

6.  Sitting in chairs can arouse women
Pudendal nerves, underneath the buttox and the sitting bones, feed arousal tissues (in the vagina, clitoris, anus, etc.). Sitting in a certain kind of chair pressing on the pudendal nerves in a certain way can lead to sexual arousal.

7. …But it can also dampen their orgasms
On the other hand, sitting in chairs for most of the day shortens the pelvic floor and psoas muscles—muscles which are essential to a full-body orgasm. When these muscles are tight from sitting too much, women find it harder to achieve a great orgasm.

8. Women have three erogenous zones 
The clitoris, the G Spot, AND the opening of the cervix. Some argue nipples belong on that list too.

9. Nerve endings are distributed differently in every woman’s vagina
Like a snowflake, each woman is unique in that her nerve endings are distributed in her genitalia differently than anyone else. That means, every woman needs to employ slightly different methods to achieve orgasm.

10. The pulsations a woman feels during orgasm are actually her uterus trying to gather sperm
Round ligaments that end in the labia majora “rock the uterus back and forth during orgasm so that the cervix has the opportunity to potentially scoop semen up that may have pooled in the back of the vagina to enhance fertility,” says Fromberg.

11. Being well hydrated leads to better orgasms
Because the body is mostly fluid, being hydrated enhances people’s ability to achieve orgasm.

12. All woman can achieve orgasm
Almost no woman was born unable to achieve an orgasm. “Women have the innate machinery programmed to have orgasms,” Fromberg explains. “But not everybody learns how to use that machinery well.”

Source :- http://physicsandentertainment.com/blog/2015/04/09/12-surprising-facts-about-sex-and-women/